Characteristic of the politics during the Tang-Song transition is the military dictatorship of “regional legates” （jiedushi 节度使） in the form of “frontier commands” （Fangzhen

方镇） across China proper. Also， this kind of dictatorship was assimilated into various neighboring nations （zhoubian zhongzu周边种族）of China in East Asia. The assimilation， intended for their subordination to China， finally worked like

a lever in the independence of the nations as states from China.This article categorizes the independence progress into three forms： （1） When the nations established new independent states and expanded their territories， they governed parts of the land of Chinese dynasties and adopted the system of “frontier commands” in those regions （e.g. Liao 辽 and Jin 金）； （2） when the nations established new independent states or after achieving independence， they introduced this system into their own countries （e.g. Nanzhao 南诏 and Goryeo高丽）； （3） regions that implemented this system developed and eventually became independent nations （e.g. Xixia 西夏 and Dayue 大越 viz. Annam 安南）.